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Related Concept Videos

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

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Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
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Published on: October 12, 2017

[The relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and HDL cholesterol].

Chang Hun You1, Young Seoub Hong, Jong Young Kwak

  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical Research Center for Cancer Molecular Therapy, College of Medicine, Dong-A University.

Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi
|December 16, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is linked to lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in men. Further research is needed to confirm this association between ACE I/D genotype and HDL levels.

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Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
07:29

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

Published on: October 12, 2017

High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay
07:08

High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay

Published on: September 30, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Context:

  • Cardiovascular disease risk factors are influenced by genetic predispositions.
  • The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is a common genetic variation.
  • Understanding genetic associations with lipid profiles is crucial for personalized risk assessment.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
  • To determine if specific ACE genotypes correlate with altered lipid profiles, including HDL cholesterol.
  • To explore potential sex-specific differences in these genetic associations.

Summary:

  • This study analyzed 424 middle-aged adults without pre-existing hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia.
  • ACE genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction.
  • A significant association was found between ACE genotypes and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in men, with DD and DI genotypes showing lower HDL compared to the II genotype.

Impact:

  • The D-allele of the ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with reduced HDL cholesterol levels in men.
  • These findings suggest a potential genetic marker for dyslipidemia.
  • Larger studies are warranted to validate the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and HDL cholesterol for clinical relevance.