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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase, which converts...

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Related Experiment Video

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Errors in translation cause selective neurodegeneration.

Jean-Christophe Rochet1

  • 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, Heine Pharmacy Building, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2091, USA. rochet@pharmacy.purdue.edu

ACS Chemical Biology
|December 16, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Protein sequence changes can lead to misfolding, a cause of neurodegenerative diseases. A new study suggests translational misincorporation generates mutant proteins that misfold and kill neurons.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Protein 3D structure is dictated by amino acid sequence.
  • Altered protein folding is linked to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Mechanisms generating misfolded proteins are actively researched.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose translational misincorporation as a novel mechanism for generating misfolded mutant proteins.
  • To investigate the role of this mechanism in neuronal toxicity and neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involves biochemical assays and cellular models to investigate protein synthesis and folding.
  • Analysis of protein sequences and their potential for misincorporation.
  • Assessment of neuronal viability and function in response to generated mutant proteins.

Main Results:

  • Translational misincorporation can produce altered amino acid sequences.
  • These sequence alterations can lead to protein misfolding.
  • The misfolded proteins generated through this mechanism exhibit neurotoxic properties.

Conclusions:

  • Translational misincorporation represents a newly identified pathway for producing toxic, misfolded proteins.
  • This mechanism may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Further research is warranted to explore therapeutic strategies targeting this process.