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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
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Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization01:28

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Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
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Related Experiment Video

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Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis
09:16

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis

Published on: June 15, 2010

SECIS elements in the coding regions of selenoprotein transcripts are functional in higher eukaryotes.

Heiko Mix1, Alexey V Lobanov, Vadim N Gladyshev

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.

Nucleic Acids Research
|December 16, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) elements, crucial for selenoprotein synthesis, can function within coding regions, not just untranslated regions. This finding challenges previous understanding and opens new avenues for selenoprotein research.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation into proteins requires a specific mRNA structure, the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element.
  • In eukaryotes, SECIS elements are typically found in the 3'-untranslated region, distinct from the bacterial location within the coding region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether SECIS elements can function within the coding regions of mRNA in higher eukaryotes.
  • To explore the evolutionary implications of SECIS element location for selenoprotein synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Computational analysis of viral genomes to identify SECIS elements within open reading frames (ORFs).
  • Expression studies in mammalian cells to test the functionality of viral and designed SECIS elements.
  • Analysis of UGA codon readthrough in the presence of SECIS elements.

Main Results:

  • A functional SECIS element was identified within the coding region of a fowlpox virus selenoprotein homolog.
  • This viral SECIS element supported Sec insertion in mammalian cells when placed within the coding region of viral and mammalian selenoproteins.
  • De novo design of a functional SECIS element within the coding region of a mammalian selenoprotein was achieved.
  • Readthrough at the UGA codon was observed when the viral SECIS element was positioned upstream of the Sec codon.

Conclusions:

  • The location of the SECIS element within the coding region is functional in higher eukaryotes, not restricted to the 3'-untranslated region.
  • The 3'-untranslated region location of SECIS elements in eukaryotes is likely an evolutionary adaptation for efficient selenoprotein synthesis.
  • This study demonstrates the plasticity of SECIS element function and offers insights into selenoprotein evolution and expression regulation.