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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
04:12

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Published on: March 28, 2025

Postoperative hydrocephalus in cranial base surgery.

D H Duong, S O'malley, L N Sekhar

    Skull Base Surgery
    |December 16, 2006
    PubMed
    Summary

    Postoperative hydrocephalus affects 8% of patients after cranial base tumor surgery. This condition, often accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, requires shunt placement for treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Postoperative hydrocephalus is a potential complication following cranial base surgery for tumor resection.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can also occur, sometimes leading to or exacerbating hydrocephalus.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the incidence of postoperative hydrocephalus after cranial base surgery for tumor resection.
    • To identify factors associated with the development of hydrocephalus and CSF leaks.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 257 patients undergoing cranial base surgery for tumor resection.
    • Evaluation of postoperative hydrocephalus and CSF leak development.
    • Identification of risk factors including prior craniotomy, radiation, infection, and tumor type.

    Main Results:

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    • 8% of patients (21/257) developed postoperative hydrocephalus, all requiring shunting.
    • 17% of patients (42/257) developed CSF leak, with 23% of these requiring shunting due to hydrocephalus.
    • Increased risk of hydrocephalus was associated with prior craniotomy, prior radiation, and postoperative CSF infection.
    • Prior radiation and postoperative CSF infection increased the risk of CSF leak in hydrocephalic patients.
    • CSF leak and hydrocephalus were common in patients undergoing glomus tumor resection.

    Conclusions:

    • De novo hydrocephalus occurs in 8% of patients post-cranial base tumor surgery.
    • Half of these hydrocephalus cases are associated with CSF leak.
    • All patients with postoperative hydrocephalus required CSF diversion via shunting.