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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances
10:35

Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Published on: July 5, 2011

Intercavernous venous communications in the human skull base.

M G Aquini, A C Marrone, F L Schneider

    Skull Base Surgery
    |January 1, 1994
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study identified four key intercavernous venous connections in the skull base: the anterior intercavernous sinus, posterior intercavernous sinus, inferior intercavernous sinus, and basilar plexus, revealing their prevalence and anatomical variations.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

    Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances
    10:35

    Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

    Published on: July 5, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Anatomy
    • Vascular Anatomy
    • Skull Base Anatomy

    Background:

    • Intercavernous connections are crucial venous pathways within the skull base.
    • Understanding these variations is vital for neurosurgical procedures and interpreting imaging studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate and detail the anatomical characteristics of intercavernous venous communications.
    • To determine the prevalence and variations of these sinuses and the basilar plexus.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of 32 sphenoid blocks using electrolytic decalcification.
    • Vascular filling, X-rays, and serial anatomical sectioning were employed.
    • Detailed morphological and dimensional measurements were recorded.

    Main Results:

    • Four distinct intercavernous structures were consistently identified: anterior intercavernous sinus (AIS), posterior intercavernous sinus (PIS), inferior intercavernous sinus (IIS), and basilar plexus (BP).
    • AIS and PIS were present in 100% of specimens, with significant diameter ranges.
    • The basilar plexus was the widest communication in 71.9% of cases, and the IIS was found in 96.9% with varied forms.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a comprehensive anatomical description of skull base intercavernous venous pathways.
    • Variations in these venous structures, particularly the basilar plexus, are common and have clinical implications.