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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous capillaries...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment
07:26

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment

Published on: July 18, 2017

Terminal complement complexes in childhood type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

Yasuaki Kobayashi1, Osamu Hasegawa, Masataka Honda

  • 1Division of Pediatrics, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. y.kobayashi@ashikaga.jrc.or.jp

Journal of Nephrology
|December 19, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Elevated terminal complement complexes (TCCs) in pediatric type I MPGN patients indicate poorer prognosis and steroid response. TCC levels in plasma may predict treatment outcomes and disease progression.

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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment
07:26

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment

Published on: July 18, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • The role of terminal complement complexes (TCCs) in human glomerulonephritis pathogenesis is not fully understood.
  • Investigating TCCs in pediatric type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is crucial for understanding disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the clinical significance of TCCs in pediatric type I MPGN.
  • To assess the relationship between TCC levels and disease characteristics, treatment response, and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Measured plasma and urine TCC concentrations using ELISA in pediatric patients.
  • Assessed glomerular TCC deposition via direct immunoperoxidase staining in renal biopsies.

Main Results:

  • Elevated plasma TCCs (high-TCC group) correlated with increased glomerular deposition and higher urinary TCC levels.
  • The high-TCC group exhibited poorer response to steroid treatment and a worse prognosis.
  • A threshold of 0.5 AU/mL differentiated high-TCC from low-TCC groups in plasma.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating TCCs in pediatric type I MPGN patients are linked to glomerular and urinary TCC formation.
  • Plasma TCC concentration serves as a potential biomarker for predicting steroid treatment responsiveness and long-term prognosis.