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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice
13:34

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Published on: June 4, 2020

The neural regions sustaining episodic encoding and recognition of objects.

Alex Hofer1, Christian M Siedentopf, Anja Ischebeck

  • 1Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Biological Psychiatry, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. a.hofer@uibk.ac.at

Brain and Cognition
|December 19, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This functional MRI study reveals distinct brain regions involved in learning and recalling objects. Successful object retrieval relies on a frontoparietal network, highlighting its role in episodic memory.

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Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice
08:52

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

Published on: August 30, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice
13:34

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Published on: June 4, 2020

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice
08:52

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

Published on: August 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Episodic memory involves encoding new information and retrieving it later.
  • Understanding the neural basis of object recognition and memory is crucial for cognitive neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the brain regions associated with the encoding and retrieval of object information using functional MRI (fMRI).
  • To differentiate the neural correlates of correct object recognition versus correct rejection of unfamiliar objects.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to monitor brain activity.
  • Participants underwent an object encoding task followed by a recognition task involving previously learned and distractor objects.
  • Analysis focused on identifying brain activations during encoding, recognition (R judgments), and rejection (N judgments).

Main Results:

  • Object encoding activated left ventrolateral prefrontal/insular, right dorsolateral prefrontal, fusiform, and left putamen regions.
  • Correct object recognition (R judgments) involved left superior frontal, bilateral inferior frontal, and right cerebellar areas.
  • Correct rejection (N judgments) showed activation in bilateral prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortices, right parietal/cerebellar regions, left putamen, and right caudate nucleus.
  • The comparison of R minus N judgments revealed activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral cingulate cortices/precunei.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest overlapping frontal lobe regions are engaged in both episodic encoding and retrieval processes.
  • Successful episodic retrieval of newly learned objects primarily relies on a frontoparietal network.
  • The study provides insights into the neural architecture supporting object-based episodic memory.