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Drinking water consumption patterns in Sweden
Therese Westrell1, Yvonne Andersson, Thor Axel Stenström
1Food Control Department, Swedish National Food Administration, Box 622, SE 751 26 Uppsala. therese.westrell@slv.se
Journal of Water and Health
|December 21, 2006
Summary
Swedish drinking water consumption averages 0.86 liters of cold tap water and 0.94 liters of heated tap water daily. Consumption varies by age and sex, with bottled water intake being minimal.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Public Health
- Risk Assessment
Background:
- Accurate drinking water consumption data is crucial for assessing microbial risks.
- Significant variations in water intake habits exist globally.
- Establishing population-specific consumption estimates is essential for risk assessments.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine average daily drinking water consumption for the Swedish population.
- To analyze factors influencing water intake, including preparation method, sex, and age.
- To provide data for microbial risk assessments in drinking water.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of drinking water consumption data from three Swedish studies (totaling 11,189 participants).
- Application of lognormal distribution to model daily direct/cold water intake.
- Comparison of consumption patterns based on water type (cold, heated), sex, and age group.
Main Results:
- The general Swedish population consumes an average of 0.86 liters of cold tap water and 0.94 liters of heated tap water daily.
- Women consumed more cold tap water, while men consumed more heated tap water.
- Cold tap water intake was highest among individuals aged 70 years and older; bottled water consumption was minimal.
Conclusions:
- The study provides essential drinking water consumption estimates for the Swedish population.
- Consumption patterns differ by sex and age, informing targeted risk assessments.
- Low bottled water consumption suggests tap water is the primary source in Sweden.
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