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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Pre-mRNA Processing02:01

Pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Comparative RNA Structure Analysis of Nascent and Mature Transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
09:12

Comparative RNA Structure Analysis of Nascent and Mature Transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: February 27, 2026

Encoding folding paths of RNA switches.

A Xayaphoummine1, V Viasnoff, S Harlepp

  • 1Laboratoire de Dynamique des Fluides Complexes, CNRS-ULP, Institut de Physique, 3 rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France.

Nucleic Acids Research
|December 21, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Sequence symmetries, not mutations, guide RNA co-transcriptional folding into specific structures. Transient interactions regulate nascent RNA folding, essential for early RNA regulatory networks.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Co-transcriptional folding is crucial for RNA function, but mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Traditional methods perturb RNA folding paths and structures.
  • Efficient co-transcriptional folding requires understanding folding pathways and regulatory elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate RNA co-transcriptional folding mechanisms using sequence symmetries.
  • To decouple folding pathways from equilibrium structures.
  • To explore how transient interactions regulate RNA folding.

Main Methods:

  • Designed bistable RNA switches with symmetrical helices.
  • Utilized sequence reversal to conserve helices.
  • Experimentally analyzed folding paths during transcription.

Main Results:

  • Sequence symmetries effectively guide co-transcriptional folding.
  • Native and transient helices direct folding into specific structures.
  • Folding pathways are controlled by helix nucleation and transient antisense interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Transient intra- and inter-molecular interactions regulate nascent RNA folding.
  • Limited coding requirements facilitate diverse native structures.
  • Co-transcriptional folding regulation may have enabled early RNA-based networks.