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Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Published on: April 22, 2015
Empathizing and systemizing in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: cross-cultural stability
Akio Wakabayashi1, Simon Baron-Cohen, Tokio Uchiyama
1Department of Psychology, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan. akiowcam@mac.com
Unlabelled:
This study tests the empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory of sex differences and the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism. Three groups of participants took part: n = 48 people with autism spectrum, n = 137 general population controls, and n = 1,250 university student controls. Each participant completed the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ).
Results:
The autism spectrum condition (ASC) group scored significantly lower than controls on the EQ, and significantly higher on the SQ. Among both control groups, females scored significantly higher than males on the EQ, whilst males scored significantly higher than females on the SQ. The distribution of 'brain types', based on the difference between EQ and SQ scores, showed distinct profiles for people with ASC, control males and control females.
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