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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Parathyroid cyst: often mistaken for a thyroid cyst.

Michael B Ujiki1, Ritu Nayar, Cord Sturgeon

  • 1Section of Endocrine Surgery, Division of GI/Endocrine Surgery, Northwestern University, 251 E. Huron Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.

World Journal of Surgery
|December 21, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Parathyroid cysts are rare lesions, often located in the inferior gland. While most are nonfunctional, surgical or non-surgical aspiration can manage symptoms and biochemical abnormalities.

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Parathyroid Gland Disorders

Background:

  • Parathyroid cysts are uncommon yet clinically significant endocrine lesions.
  • These cysts can be functional, mimic thyroid cysts, and sometimes managed nonoperatively.
  • Understanding their characteristics is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical characteristics and management outcomes of parathyroid cysts.
  • To analyze the functionality, location, and biochemical profiles of these rare cysts.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of surgical versus non-surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of seven patients diagnosed with parathyroid cysts between 1998 and 2003.
  • Review of patient demographics, cyst characteristics, diagnostic imaging (sestamibi scans), aspirate analysis (C-terminal parathormone levels), and treatment modalities.
  • Comparison of outcomes between surgical and non-operative management strategies.

Main Results:

  • 33% of parathyroid cysts were functional; sestamibi scans showed no focal uptake in affected patients.
  • 86% of cysts were located in an inferior parathyroid gland and yielded clear aspirate.
  • Surgical management in 43% of patients led to symptom and biochemical improvement; 57% managed nonoperatively with aspiration often required multiple attempts.

Conclusions:

  • Parathyroid cysts are typically nonfunctional, rarely symptomatic, and usually found in the inferior gland.
  • Aspiration of parathyroid cysts frequently results in fluid reaccumulation.
  • Surgical intervention offers a straightforward approach to alleviate symptoms and biochemical abnormalities associated with parathyroid cysts.