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Characterizing a mammalian circannual pacemaker.

Gerald A Lincoln1, Iain J Clarke, Roelof A Hut

  • 1Centre for Reproductive Biology, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland. g.lincoln@hrsu.mrc.ac.uk

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 23, 2006
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Seasonal biological rhythms are controlled by the pituitary gland. This study reveals a "pacemaker-slave" system within the pituitary, involving melatonin-regulated cells and prolactin-secreting cells, to generate these crucial annual timing mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Chronobiology
  • Animal Physiology

Background:

  • Many species exhibit endogenous annual cycles for seasonal adaptation.
  • The underlying anatomical and cellular mechanisms of these circannual rhythms remain largely undefined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the anatomical and cellular basis of circannual rhythm regulation.
  • To identify the timing mechanism controlling seasonal prolactin secretion in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an in vivo Soay sheep model.
  • Investigated the role of the pituitary gland in regulating circannual rhythms.

Main Results:

  • Provided strong evidence for a pituitary-based timing mechanism controlling circannual rhythms.
  • Identified an intrapituitary "pacemaker-slave" timer system involving melatonin-regulated cells and prolactin-secreting cells.

Conclusions:

  • The pituitary gland houses a critical timing mechanism for circannual rhythms.
  • Melatonin-regulated timer cells interacting with prolactin-secreting cells form an intrapituitary pacemaker-slave system.
  • These findings pave the way for molecular investigations into long-term biological timing.