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Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

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Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen double...

Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction

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Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary alcohols.

Masking and Demasking Agents

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EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Published on: March 31, 2021

Chlorhexidine varnish has caries-reducing potential.

Ivor G Chestnutt¹

¹Department of Dental Health and Biological Sciences, Cardiff University Dental School, Cardiff, Wales, UK.

Evidence-Based Dentistry

|December 26, 2006

Summary

Six-monthly applications of 40% chlorhexidine varnish significantly reduced dental caries in primary molars by 37.3% over two years. This preventive dental treatment showed no adverse side effects in children.

Area of Science:

Pediatric Dentistry
Cariology
Preventive Dentistry

Background:

Dental caries remains a significant public health issue in primary dentition.
Early intervention strategies are crucial for preventing caries progression and maintaining oral health in children.
The efficacy of chlorhexidine varnish in caries prevention requires robust clinical validation.

Discussion:

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of 40% chlorhexidine varnish in children over two years.
Clinical examinations monitored decayed, missing, or filled primary molar surfaces (dmfs-molar) to assess caries increment.
The study design ensured objective assessment by using calibrated dentists unaware of group assignments.

Key Insights:

Six-monthly applications of 40% chlorhexidine varnish resulted in a statistically significant 37.3% reduction in caries increment in primary molars compared to placebo.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Published on: March 31, 2021

The number-needed-to-treat was 3, indicating high efficiency in preventing caries.

No adverse effects, such as soft-tissue lesions or tooth staining, were observed during the 24-month study period.

Outlook:

Chlorhexidine varnish presents a promising, safe, and effective preventive measure against dental caries in young children.
Further research could explore optimal application frequencies and long-term efficacy.
Widespread adoption of this preventive strategy could significantly lower the burden of early childhood caries.