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Related Concept Videos

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.

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Validating Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing, using Usutu Virus as an Example
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H-NS, the genome sentinel.

Charles J Dorman1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. cjdorman@tcd.ie

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|December 28, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The H-NS protein in Salmonella and E. coli silences horizontally acquired genes. This finding impacts our understanding of bacterial evolution and gene regulation.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The H-NS protein is a global regulator in many Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Horizontally acquired genes, often AT-rich, can confer significant adaptive advantages.
  • Previous studies suggested H-NS plays a role in gene regulation, but its specific targets and mechanisms were not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the H-NS protein in the transcriptional silencing of horizontally acquired genes.
  • To understand how H-NS influences the expression of pathogenicity islands.
  • To assess the impact of these findings on the broader understanding of bacterial evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent reports on H-NS function in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.

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  • Review of studies examining H-NS binding to DNA in Escherichia coli.
  • Comparative analysis of gene silencing mechanisms across different bacterial species.

    • Main Results:

    • H-NS protein selectively silences transcription of numerous horizontally acquired, AT-rich genes in Salmonella.
    • This silencing includes genes within major pathogenicity islands.
    • Similar H-NS binding and regulatory functions were observed in Escherichia coli.

    Conclusions:

    • H-NS is a critical regulator controlling the expression of horizontally acquired genetic elements.
    • These findings reshape our view of H-NS as a key modulator of bacterial adaptation and evolution.
    • The selective silencing mechanism highlights H-NS's importance in maintaining genomic integrity and bacterial fitness.