New aspects in molecular diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)

Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers that occurs in the human population, resulting in a mortality rate of more than 50%. Mismatch repair (MMR) defects are mostly manifested as high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H); this occurs in approximately 19% of all colorectal cancers including a smaller, but high-risk subgroup that is represented by hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome). The aim of molecular diagnosis is to distinguish these familial cases from of the majority of sporadic unstable cancers. Here, we review the widespread MSI-H phenotype in various tumours, assessing the genetic, epigenetic and morphological differences to distinguish between sporadic and familial unstable colorectal cancers. The most important morphological feature is the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), the presence of which is typical in MSI cancers. The main discriminators for HNPCC patients are family history, age at onset up to 60 years and MMR defects caused by germline mutations. This is in contrast to the discriminators for sporadic colorectal cancers, which include onset at any age, BRAF mutation presence and epigenetically MMR inactivation by extensive CpG-island methylation. This article presents a modified strategy for molecular diagnosis of HNPCC by selective inclusion of recently recognized characteristics of tumours. The clear identification of affected families can improve the strategy of early detection, therapy and prevention of colorectal cancers.