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Related Concept Videos

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination02:52

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

When a nucleophile and an alkyl halide react, nucleophilic substitution and β-elimination reactions compete to generate products.
The following factors can influence the mechanisms competing against each other:
Sublimation01:03

Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)01:30

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between the...
Seasoning of Wood01:15

Seasoning of Wood

Seasoning of wood is a crucial process aimed at reducing and stabilizing the moisture content within the wood to prevent future shrinkage, structural damage, or aesthetic issues once the wood is used in construction. Wood naturally swells when it absorbs moisture and contracts as it dries.
Achieving equilibrium moisture content is the goal of seasoning; this is the point where the wood's moisture content stabilizes to align with the moisture levels of the surrounding environment. Proper...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Combined Optogenetic and Freeze-fracture Replica Immunolabeling to Examine Input-specific Arrangement of Glutamate Receptors in the Mouse Amygdala
09:49

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Published on: April 15, 2016

Xmas (brand substitution not permitted).

Jonathan Bromley1, Nicholas A Buckley

  • 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT. jonathan.bromleyATact.gov.au

The Medical Journal of Australia
|December 30, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Australian doctors frequently prescribe drugs by brand name (53%). Brand name preference is linked to memorability and market exclusivity. Generic names could be more appealing if designed with marketing principles.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Health Services Research
  • Medical Education

Background:

  • Drug prescribing practices significantly impact healthcare costs and patient outcomes.
  • Understanding the factors influencing brand name versus generic name prescribing is crucial for optimizing medication use.
  • Previous studies have explored prescribing habits, but specific insights into Australian teaching hospitals are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of brand name versus generic drug prescribing in an Australian teaching hospital setting.
  • To identify key factors influencing physicians' choice between brand name and generic drug prescriptions.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of drug prescription data from an Australian teaching hospital.
  • Statistical evaluation of prescribing patterns based on drug characteristics and market availability.

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Main Results:

  • Over half (53%) of all drug prescriptions were issued by brand name.
  • Brand name preference was associated with shorter, more memorable, and easily spelled names.
  • Prescribing by brand name was also favored when a single brand dominated the market.

Conclusions:

  • Physician preference for brand name drugs is influenced by linguistic and marketing attributes.
  • Developing generic drug names using similar marketing principles could potentially increase generic prescribing rates.
  • This strategy may lead to more cost-effective medication management in clinical practice.