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Asymptomatic cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease: early or delayed cholecystectomy?
Giuseppe Currò1, Anna Meo, Daniela Ippolito
1Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Insights
Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is safe for children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and asymptomatic gallstones. Performing LC before symptoms arise in SCD patients reduces complications and hospital stays.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Surgery
- Hematology
- Gastroenterology
Background:
- Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients are at increased risk for gallstones (cholelithiasis).
- Asymptomatic cholelithiasis in children with SCD requires careful management to prevent complications.
- The timing of cholecystectomy in relation to symptom onset is crucial for patient outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the safety and efficacy of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in children with SCD and asymptomatic cholelithiasis.
- To determine if the timing of LC (elective vs. emergency) impacts outcomes in pediatric SCD patients with gallstones.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective review of 30 children with SCD and cholelithiasis (1995-2005).
- Comparison of outcomes between children who underwent elective LC (asymptomatic) and those who refused surgery initially, later requiring emergency LC (symptomatic).
- Analysis of complication rates, including biliary colics, acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and sickle cell crises.
Main Results:
- Elective LC in asymptomatic SCD children was safe with no major complications.
- Children who refused elective surgery experienced symptomatic biliary disease, including biliary colics, acute cholecystitis, and choledocholithiasis.
- Emergency LC in symptomatic SCD children was associated with increased morbidity and longer postoperative stays, with some experiencing sickle cell crises during biliary colics.
Conclusions:
- Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended as the gold standard for children with SCD and asymptomatic cholelithiasis.
- Proactive LC in asymptomatic SCD patients prevents symptomatic biliary disease and associated complications.
- Timely surgical intervention minimizes risks, discomfort, and hospital length of stay in this vulnerable population.
Summary Background Data:
Our study aimed to evaluate the role of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and asymptomatic cholelithiasis and, furthermore, to determine whether the outcome is related to the operation timing.
Methods:
The records of 30 children with SCD diagnosed with cholelithiasis from June 1995 to September 2005 were retraspectively reviewed. All 30 children were asymptomatic at the time of the first visit, and an elective LC was proposed to all of them. The operation was accepted in the period of study by 16 children and refused by 14. During medical observation, 10 of the 14 children who refused surgery were admitted for severe biliary colics. Acute cholecystitis was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound in 3 cases and in 1 case choledocholithiasis, ultrasonographically suspected, was confirmed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and treated during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). All children, emergency admitted, underwent LC after the onset of symptoms. The patients were divided up into 2 groups (A: asymptomatic; B: symptomatic) depending on clinical presentation and operation timing and the respective outcomes were compared.
Results:
Elective LC in asymptomatic children (group A) is safe with no major complications reported. During medical observation in children who refused elective surgery (group B), 6 biliary colics, 3 acute cholecystitis, and 1 choledocholithiasis were observed. Three sickle cell crises occurred in symptomatic children during biliary colics. The correlation between cholecystectomy performed in asymptomatic children (group A) and cholecystectomy performed in symptomatic children (group B) showed significant differences in the outcome. Morbidity rate and postoperative stay increased when children with SCD underwent emergency LC.
Conclusions:
Elective LC should be the gold standard in children with SCD and asymptomatic cholelithiasis to prevent the potential complications of biliary colics, acute cholecystitis, and choledocholithiasis, which lead to major risks, discomfort, and longer hospital stay.
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