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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. Activation...
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions00:59

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists exert their pharmacological actions by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine on postsynaptic muscarinic receptors to generate parasympathetic responses. These agents elicit a range of physiological responses, including cardiovascular effects. For example, activation of muscarinic receptors induces bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, reduced peripheral resistance, and consequent hypotension. In the eye, stimulation of M3 receptors leads to smooth muscle...
Specialized Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles01:27

Specialized Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles

The primary role of cardiac muscles is to propel blood throughout the cardiovascular system. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, exhibit specialized characteristics that allow them to perform this function.
Cardiac muscle cells are smaller than skeletal muscles, averaging 10–20 mm in diameter and 50–100 mm in length. However, they have large energy demands for continuous contraction and relaxation. This energy is almost exclusively derived from aerobic metabolism of energy reserves in...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Mechanical Control of Relaxation Using Intact Cardiac Trabeculae
07:51

Mechanical Control of Relaxation Using Intact Cardiac Trabeculae

Published on: February 17, 2023

Function of cardiac M3 receptors.

H Wang1, Y Lu, Z Wang

  • 1Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger East, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8.

Autonomic & Autacoid Pharmacology
|January 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3-mAChR) plays key roles in heart function and disease. Research shows M3-mAChR regulates heart rate, protects against ischemia, and influences arrhythmias.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The M3 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3-mAChR) has garnered significant research interest due to its roles in cardiac function.
  • Recent evidence highlights M3-mAChR's involvement in maintaining normal cardiac function and its contribution to heart disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the pathophysiological roles of M3-mAChR in the heart.
  • To elucidate the functions and signal transduction mechanisms of cardiac M3-mAChR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on M3-mAChR in cardiac physiology and pathology.
  • Analysis of signal transduction pathways activated by M3-mAChR.

Main Results:

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Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse
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Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

Published on: June 20, 2014

Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice
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Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Published on: September 17, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Mechanical Control of Relaxation Using Intact Cardiac Trabeculae
07:51

Mechanical Control of Relaxation Using Intact Cardiac Trabeculae

Published on: February 17, 2023

Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse
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Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

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Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice
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Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

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  • M3-mAChR regulates heart rate, cardiac repolarization, and inotropic effects.
  • It provides cytoprotection against myocardial ischemia and modulates cell-to-cell communication.
  • M3-mAChR is implicated in atrial fibrillation and interacts with connexin 43.

Conclusions:

  • M3-mAChR is crucial for parasympathetic control of the heart under physiological conditions.
  • It plays significant roles in pathological processes like heart failure, myocardial ischemia, and arrhythmias.
  • Understanding M3-mAChR mechanisms offers insights into cardiac disease management.