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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...

Portal Hypertension

Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue, improving...

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...

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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

Published on: May 11, 2015

[Porto-pulmonary hypertension].

F Chabot¹, E Gomez, L Boyer

¹Service des Maladies Respiratoires et Réanimation Respiratoire, CHU Nancy, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France. f.chabot@chu-nancy.fr

Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires

|January 5, 2007

Summary

Porto-pulmonary hypertension (PoPH) involves high blood pressure in lung and portal vessels. New therapies show promise, improving prognosis for this condition, which can complicate liver transplantation.

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

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Published on: May 11, 2015

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat

Published on: November 18, 2018

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Hepatology
Pulmonology

Background:

Porto-pulmonary hypertension (PoPH) is defined by elevated pulmonary artery and portal pressures, diagnosed via right heart catheterization.
Pathophysiology remains unclear, but portal hypertension, not liver disease severity, appears crucial for PoPH development.
PoPH presents non-specifically, often at end-stage, necessitating screening via echocardiography in liver transplant candidates.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding and recent advances in the diagnosis and management of PoPH.
To highlight the diagnostic criteria and screening recommendations for PoPH.
To discuss the impact of PoPH on liver transplantation and emerging therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on PoPH diagnosis and treatment.
Analysis of hemodynamic criteria for PoPH diagnosis.
Evaluation of current and emerging therapeutic options for PoPH.

Main Results:

PoPH diagnosis relies on specific pulmonary hemodynamic criteria.
Prostacyclin analogues offer partial relief for pulmonary arterial hypertension in PoPH.
Moderate to severe PoPH is a contraindication for liver transplantation due to high perioperative mortality.

Conclusions:

Recent therapeutic advances have improved PoPH prognosis.
Oral endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are under evaluation for PoPH.
Combination drug therapy is expected to yield better long-term outcomes for PoPH management.