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Updated: Jul 17, 2026
Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
Published on: March 11, 2022
The Foot Posture Index: Rasch analysis of a novel, foot-specific outcome measure
Anne-Maree Keenan1, Anthony C Redmond, Mike Horton
1Academic Unit of Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. a.keenan@leeds.ac.uk
Objective:
To investigate the internal construct validity of a clinician-assessed measure of foot position, the Foot Posture Index (FPI), versions FPI-8 and FPI-6.
Design:
Rasch analysis of baseline FPI scores from studies conducted during the development of the instrument.
Setting:
A community-based and a hospital-based study, conducted at 2 institutions.
Participants:
Measures were obtained from 143 participants (98 men, 45 women; age range, 8-65y).
Interventions:
Not applicable.
Main Outcome Measures:
Rasch analysis was undertaken using RUMM2020 software in order to evaluate the following properties of the FPI: unidimensionality of each item included in the FPI, the differential item functioning (DIF) of each item, and item and person separation indices.
Results:
In the developmental draft of the instrument, the 8-item FPI-8 showed some misfit to the Rasch model (chi(16)(2) test=27.63, P=.03), indicating lack of unidimensionality. Two items were identified as problematic in the Rasch modeling: Achilles' tendon insertion (Helbing's sign), which showed illogical response ordering and "congruence of the lateral border of the foot," which showed misfit, indicating that this item may be measuring a different construct (chi(2)(2) test=15.35, P<.01). All FPI-8 items showed an absence of DIF, and the person separation index (PSI) was good (PSI=.88). The revised FPI-6, which does not include the 2 problematic items, showed unidimensionality (chi(12)(2) test=11.49, P=.49), indicating a good overall fit to the model, and improvement over the preliminary version. With the removal of the 2 problematic items, there were no disordered thresholds; all items remained DIF free and all individual items displayed a good fit to the model. The person-separation index for the FPI was similar for both the 8-item (FPI-8=.880) and 6-item (FPI-6=.884) versions.
Conclusions:
The original FPI-8 showed significant mismatching to the model. The 2 items in the FPI-8 that were identified as problematic in clinical validation studies were also found to be contributing to the lack of fit to the Rasch model. The finalized 6-item instrument showed good metric properties, including good individual item fit and good overall fit to the model, along with a lack of differential item functioning. This analysis provides further evidence for the validity of the FPI-6 as a clinical instrument for use in screening studies and shows that it has the potential to be analyzed using parametric strategies.