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Related Concept Videos

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bioavailability: Influencing Factors01:22

Bioavailability: Influencing Factors

Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which a drug reaches systemic circulation in its active form. Extent refers to the amount of the drug that makes it into circulation, while rate is the speed at which it enters circulation. It is influenced by several factors critical for optimizing drug formulations, dosing regimens, and therapeutic outcomes.Physicochemical properties of drugs and formulationsThe solubility, stability, and dissolution rate of a drug significantly impact its...
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...

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Related Experiment Videos

Multivitamin-multimineral supplements' effect on total nutrient intake.

Suzanne P Murphy1, Kami K White, Song-Yi Park

  • 1Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. suzanne@crch.hawaii.edu

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|January 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Multivitamin supplement use is common, but only slightly improves nutrient adequacy. Supplement users face higher risks of excessive nutrient intake, highlighting the need for better product formulation.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health
  • Dietary Supplement Research

Background:

  • Multivitamin-multimineral supplements are widely used and significantly impact total nutrient intake.
  • Prevalence of use in the Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) was 48% for men and 56% for women without chronic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of multivitamin supplement use on nutrient adequacy and potential for excessive intake among MEC participants.
  • To analyze the variability in nutrient composition of commonly used multivitamin products.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess nutrient intake from diet and supplements in a large cohort.
  • Analysis included comparing nutrient adequacy between supplement users and nonusers.
  • Product composition data from a subset of participants was examined.

Main Results:

  • While multivitamin users showed slightly higher nutrient adequacy (2 percentage points higher from food alone), supplement intake improved adequacy by an average of 8 percentage points.
  • Supplement users had a greater likelihood of excessive intake for nutrients like iron, zinc, vitamin A, and niacin.
  • Significant variability was observed in the nutrient profiles of different multivitamin products.

Conclusions:

  • Analysis of nutrient adequacy and excess should include data from actual supplements used, not default profiles.
  • Multivitamin products could be reformulated to better balance nutrient adequacy and reduce risks of excessive intake.