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Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.Although predation is commonly associated with carnivory, for...
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the biosynthesis of the...
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Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.

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Related Experiment Video

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Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes
06:27

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Published on: September 4, 2016

Feeding with speed: prey capture evolution in cichilds.

T E Higham1, C D Hulsey, O Rícan

  • 1Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. tehigham@ucdavis.edu

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|January 11, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Fish locomotion and feeding are linked. This study found a positive correlation between ram speed (RS) and maximum gape (MG) in cichlids, suggesting evolutionary coupling of swimming and mouth size for effective prey capture.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ichthyology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Fish exhibit extensive diversity in locomotor and feeding systems.
  • The integrated evolution of these systems, particularly the relationship between swimming and prey capture, remains poorly understood.
  • Predatory strikes involve both swimming (ram speed) and mouth opening (gape).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary relationship between ram speed (RS) and maximum gape (MG) in fish feeding strikes.
  • To test the hypothesis of a positive correlation between RS and MG, predicting that faster swimming speeds necessitate larger mouths for efficient predation.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic-independent contrasts were used to analyze data from 18 neotropical cichlid species.
  • Phylogenetic information was augmented using mitochondrial cytochrome b and S7 nuclear ribosomal intron sequences.
  • High-speed video (500 fps) captured feeding sequences to measure RS and MG.

Main Results:

  • A significant positive correlation was observed between MG and RS across species.
  • This positive correlation remained significant even after accounting for phylogenetic relationships using independent contrasts.
  • The findings indicate a strong evolutionary coupling between locomotor speed and mouth size.

Conclusions:

  • Locomotor behavior and feeding kinematics are tightly coupled in fish evolution.
  • The observed relationship suggests a common evolutionary pathway linking swimming ability and prey capture strategies in predatory organisms.