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Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...

Overview of DNA Repair

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...

Base Excision Repair

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: A Single-Entry Point Endoscopic Intraventricular Approach for Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy

Author Spotlight: A Single-Entry Point Endoscopic Intraventricular Approach for Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy

Published on: June 28, 2024

Endoscopic CSF leak repair.

Timothy J Martin¹, Todd A Loehrl

¹Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Division of Rhinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

|January 11, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Endoscopic repair offers a highly successful and minimally invasive treatment for cerebrospinal fluid leaks, significantly reducing complications compared to traditional methods.

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

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Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation

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Published on: February 29, 2020

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Otolaryngology
Skull Base Surgery

Background:

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can arise from skull base defects.
Traditional open repair methods carry significant morbidity.
Endoscopic techniques have advanced for intranasal skull base repair.

Purpose of the Study:

To review endoscopic management of CSF leaks.
To highlight recent advances in endoscopic CSF leak repair techniques and outcomes.

Main Methods:

Review of endoscopic techniques for skull base defect repair.
Emphasis on principles: site identification, preparation, graft placement, and postoperative care.
Discussion of patient factors influencing management (leak location, cause, condition).

Main Results:

Endoscopic repair principles mirror open repair but with decreased operative morbidity.
Radiographic image-guidance systems enhance leak site localization.
Numerous techniques reported with high success rates.

Conclusions:

Endoscopic repair of anterior skull base defects is highly successful.
This approach offers markedly decreased morbidity compared to traditional intracranial surgery.
Endoscopic repair is the preferred technique for most CSF fistulae and skull base defects.