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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Comparison Tests01:13

Multiple Comparison Tests

Multiple comparison test, abbreviated as MCT, is a post hoc analysis generally performed after comparing multiple samples with one or more tests. An MCT will help identify a significantly different sample among multiple samples or a factor among multiple factors.
It would be easy to compare two samples using a significance alpha level of 0.05. In other words, there is only one sample pair to be compared. However, it would be difficult to identify a significantly different sample if the number...
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule01:20

Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule

Like benzene, cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene are cyclic compounds with alternate single and double bonds. However, their chemical behavior differs from benzene, as they are unstable and not aromatic. So, what are the structural characteristics of unsaturated compounds categorized as aromatic?
For the first time, Eric Hückel, a German chemical physicist, derived a set of structural features for a compound to be classified as aromatic. This is now known as Hückel’s rule or the 4n + 2 rule.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Cloud-Based Phrase Mining and Analysis of User-Defined Phrase-Category Association in Biomedical Publications
09:20

Cloud-Based Phrase Mining and Analysis of User-Defined Phrase-Category Association in Biomedical Publications

Published on: February 23, 2019

A comparative evaluation of full-text, concept-based, and context-sensitive search.

Robert Moskovitch1, Susana B Martins, Eytan Behiri

  • 1Medical Informatics Research Center, Department of Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel. robertmo@bgu.ac.il

Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA
|January 11, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Concept-based and context-sensitive search significantly improve information retrieval accuracy in digital libraries. Utilizing more ontological elements in queries enhances precision, outperforming traditional full-text searches.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Cloud-Based Phrase Mining and Analysis of User-Defined Phrase-Category Association in Biomedical Publications
09:20

Cloud-Based Phrase Mining and Analysis of User-Defined Phrase-Category Association in Biomedical Publications

Published on: February 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Information Science
  • Medical Informatics
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Traditional full-text search can be limited in retrieving relevant information from complex, semi-structured documents.
  • Digital libraries, particularly those containing clinical guidelines, require precise and efficient search functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comparatively evaluate concept-based search, context-sensitive search, and traditional full-text search.
  • To assess the impact of query context elements on retrieval accuracy.
  • To determine if concept-based search enhances existing search methods.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Vaidurya architecture for search and retrieval evaluation.
  • Employed a clinical guidelines test collection with structured, conceptually classified documents.
  • Computed precision at various recall levels and used t-tests for statistical comparison.

Main Results:

  • Retrieval performance increased monotonically with the number of query context elements.
  • Context-sensitive search improved precision by 11.1% at 0.5 recall.
  • Concept-based search, when added to full-text search, improved precision by 19.4% at 0.5 recall.

Conclusions:

  • Concept-based and context-sensitive queries enhance retrieval precision in semi-structured clinical guideline documents.
  • Increased use of ontological elements in queries leads to greater precision.
  • These advanced search methods offer significant improvements over free-text queries.