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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Blood Sampling and Hormone Measurement for Determining the Stage in the Ovarian Cycle in Marmosets
06:17

Blood Sampling and Hormone Measurement for Determining the Stage in the Ovarian Cycle in Marmosets

Published on: July 5, 2024

Morphometric and hormonal changes during the chimpanzee menstrual cycle.

Ivo H Machatschke1, John Dittami, Bernard Wallner

  • 1Department of Behaviour, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Austria.

Journal of Medical Primatology
|January 12, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Female chimpanzees show menstrual cycle changes in anogenital swelling and skin fat. Testosterone levels correlate with bone size, suggesting sex steroid influence on peripheral tissues.

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Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
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Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Blood Sampling and Hormone Measurement for Determining the Stage in the Ovarian Cycle in Marmosets
06:17

Blood Sampling and Hormone Measurement for Determining the Stage in the Ovarian Cycle in Marmosets

Published on: July 5, 2024

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
09:05

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Primatology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Sex steroids significantly influence peripheral tissues in female mammals, including skin, fat, and bone.
  • Hormonal receptors for sex steroids are present in these tissues, indicating direct effects.
  • Morphological changes in these tissues during the menstrual cycle suggest a link to steroid secretion patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate morphometric changes in peripheral tissues during the menstrual cycle in female chimpanzees.
  • To correlate these physical changes with hormonal fluctuations (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, gonadotropins, prolactin).
  • To understand the relationship between sex steroid secretion and tissue morphology in a primate model.

Main Methods:

  • Documented morphometric markers: anogenital swelling volume, skin fold thickness (subcutaneous fat), and bony diameters (mandible, wrist, elbow).
  • Monitored cyclic patterns of key reproductive hormones throughout the menstrual cycle.
  • Statistical analysis to compare morphometric data with hormonal profiles.

Main Results:

  • Anogenital swelling volume exhibited significant cyclic variation.
  • Skin fold thickness peaked during the luteal phase; bony diameters showed less distinct changes.
  • Testosterone levels positively correlated with bone diameters and inversely with subcutaneous fat.
  • No significant correlations were found between estradiol or progesterone and the measured morphometric parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Subcutaneous fat and bone morphometry display cycle-dependent variations in female chimpanzees.
  • These changes are potentially influenced by fluctuations in sex steroid secretion, particularly testosterone.
  • The study highlights the impact of hormonal cycles on peripheral tissue morphology in primates.