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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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Electrophysiological evidence for notation independence in numerical processing.

Melissa E Libertus¹, Marty G Woldorff, Elizabeth M Brannon

¹Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Box 90999, Duke University, NC 27708, USA. melissa.libertus@duke.edu

Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF

|January 12, 2007

Summary

Numerical comparisons rely on abstract representations, independent of notation. Event-related potential (ERP) studies confirm this, showing similar brain activity for symbolic and non-symbolic number tasks.

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Published on: August 9, 2016

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Numerical Cognition
Psychology

Background:

Dominant view: numerical comparisons use notation-independent representations.
Previous ERP studies on numerical distance effect show mixed results for symbolic vs. non-symbolic notations.

Purpose of the Study:

Resolve discrepancies in electrophysiological correlates of numerical distance effect.
Investigate notation independence in numerical comparison.

Main Methods:

Two experiments using event-related potentials (ERPs).
Experiment 1: Symbolic and non-symbolic numerical comparison (small values).
Experiment 2: Non-symbolic numerical comparison (large values) to control for sensory confounds.

Main Results:

Experiment 1 showed reversed P2p component patterns for symbolic and non-symbolic tasks.
Reversal in non-symbolic tasks attributed to confounding sensory effects.
Experiment 2, controlling for sensory differences, revealed mirrored numerical distance effects across notations.

Conclusions:

Results support an abstract semantic processing stage for numerical comparisons.
This processing stage is independent of the input notation (symbolic or non-symbolic).