Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
Medication use profiles in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Nathan C Hantke1, Michael J Doherty, Alan M Haltiner
1Swedish Epilepsy Center, 801 Broadway, Suite 901, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
Abstract:
Patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and those with epilepsy may have very different medication use profiles. In this study, the authors set out to document and statistically compare medication use by these two populations. They found significant differences in the duration of antiepileptic medication use (shorter in those with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, or PNES) and number of medications used (more in persons with PNES) and a tendency by patients with PNES to use narcotics and benzodiazepines. These results are discussed in the light of the pertinent literature.
Related Concept Videos
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Seizures: Classification
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...
Seizures l: Introduction
