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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
11:56

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells

Published on: April 11, 2014

Dose-dependent modulation of the T cell proteome by ascorbic acid.

Melissa M Grant1, Nalini Mistry, Joseph Lunec

  • 1Aston University, Birmingham, UK.

The British Journal of Nutrition
|January 16, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) alters T cell protein expression, impacting cellular signaling, metabolism, and immune function. This study reveals vitamin C

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In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction
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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
11:56

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Published on: April 11, 2014

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
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In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction
08:02

In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction

Published on: January 22, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vital micronutrient with known antioxidant properties.
  • Its role in modulating cellular functions, particularly within immune cells, requires further elucidation.
  • The hypothesis that ascorbic acid influences the functional genome of T cells was investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of ascorbic acid on T cell proteome.
  • To identify specific proteins and pathways modulated by ascorbic acid treatment.
  • To understand the time- and dose-dependent effects of ascorbic acid on T cells.

Main Methods:

  • T cells (CCRF-HSB2) were treated with varying concentrations of ascorbic acid for up to 24 hours.
  • Protein expression changes were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis.
  • Protein identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
  • Western blotting was used to confirm the expression of specific proteins, such as phosphatidylinositol transfer protein.

Main Results:

  • Treatment with ascorbic acid resulted in significant changes in the expression of 41 proteins.
  • These proteins were functionally categorized into five groups: signaling, carbohydrate metabolism, apoptosis, transcription, and immune function.
  • Increased expression of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, involved in intracellular signaling, was observed within 5 minutes of ascorbic acid treatment.
  • The modulation of T cell proteome by ascorbic acid was found to be time- and dose-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Ascorbic acid significantly modulates the proteome of T cells.
  • The study identifies specific molecular targets involved in signaling, metabolism, apoptosis, transcription, and immune function that are affected by ascorbic acid.
  • These findings suggest potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of antioxidant supplementation in vivo.