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Related Concept Videos

α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview01:19

α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview

The pinacol and McMurry reactions involve the reductive coupling of ketones or aldehydes. Similarly, the bimolecular reductive coupling of two ester molecules in the presence of sodium metal in an aprotic solvent yields an α-hydroxy ketone product. The α-hydroxy ketone is also called acyloin, so the reaction is referred to as ‘acyloin condensation.’
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes


The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Acupoint Application as a Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment for Fatigue Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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Acetylenes from Atractylis koreana.

P Pachaly1, A Lansing, M Neugebauer

  • 1Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Kreuzbergweg 26, D-5300 Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany.

Planta Medica
|October 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Researchers reinvestigated ATRACTYLIS KOREANA rhizomes, discovering new polyacetylene compounds. These findings expand the known chemical diversity of this plant species.

Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Phytochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • ATRACTYLIS KOREANA is a plant species known for its bioactive compounds.
  • Previous research identified specific polyacetylenes within ATRACTYLIS KOREANA rhizomes.
  • Further investigation is needed to fully characterize the chemical constituents of this plant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a reinvestigation of the rhizomes of ATRACTYLIS KOREANA.
  • To identify and characterize novel polyacetylene compounds.
  • To expand the understanding of the chemical diversity present in ATRACTYLIS KOREANA.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction and isolation of compounds from ATRACTYLIS KOREANA rhizomes.
  • Structure elucidation using spectroscopic methods (e.g., NMR, Mass Spectrometry).

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  • Confirmation of structures through chemical derivatization and analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of two new C14-polyacetylenes featuring an ene-diyn-ene chromophore.
    • Isolation of one new C14-polyacetylene with an ene-diyne-diene chromophore.
    • Confirmation of two known compounds possessing an ene-diyne-diene chromophore.

    Conclusions:

    • The reinvestigation of ATRACTYLIS KOREANA rhizomes yielded several new polyacetylene compounds.
    • The identified compounds possess distinct chromophore systems, including ene-diyn-ene and ene-diyne-diene.
    • Spectroscopic and chemical analyses were crucial for establishing the structures of these novel natural products.