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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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Rural health centers are specialized care facilities in remote locations with very few medical personnel. The primary care providers who run the centers are mostly Registered Nurse Practitioners. Here, emergency treatment is provided to critically ill or injured patients before they are transferred to the closest hospital. Fortunately, due to advancement in technology, many rural healthcare facilities and professionals have easy access to diagnostic and treatment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Rapid Fractionation and Isolation of Whole Blood Components in Samples Obtained from a Community-based Setting
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Rural trauma recidivism: a different disease.

Eric A Toschlog1, Scott G Sagraves, Michael R Bard

  • 1Department of Surgery, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, University Health Systems of Eastern North Carolina, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. etoschlo@pcmh.com

Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)
|January 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Rural trauma recidivists (RCs) are older, more likely female, and disproportionately white compared to non-RCs. Substance abuse, particularly alcohol and cocaine, is a key factor in rural trauma recidivism.

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Area of Science:

  • Trauma Surgery
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Understanding trauma recidivism (RC) is crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies.
  • The profile of urban trauma RCs is well-documented, but factors influencing rural RCs remain largely undefined.
  • This study aimed to characterize rural trauma RCs and compare them to urban counterparts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize rural trauma recidivists (RCs).
  • To compare the demographic and clinical profiles of rural RCs with non-RCs.
  • To determine risk factors and costs associated with rural trauma recidivism.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of trauma admissions at a rural, university-affiliated, level I trauma center.
  • Analysis of data from January 1, 1994, to December 30, 2002.
  • Identification and characterization of rural trauma RCs, including demographic, clinical, and substance abuse data.

Main Results:

  • Out of 15,370 admissions, 3.4% (528) were RCs.
  • Rural RCs were significantly older (55.9 vs. 39.7 years), more likely white (65.2% vs. 56.5%), and more likely female (49.1% vs. 37.3%) compared to non-RCs (P<.001).
  • RCs showed higher rates of positive blood ethanol screens (58.7% vs. 39.9%), higher blood ethanol content (132.1 vs. 69.5 mg/dL), and increased cocaine use (6.4% vs. 4.1%) (P<.001 for alcohol, P=.02 for cocaine). Total cost exceeded $7 million.

Conclusions:

  • The demographic profile of rural trauma RCs differs significantly from urban RCs.
  • Substance abuse, particularly alcohol and cocaine, is a common and significant factor in rural trauma recidivism.
  • Prevention strategies for rural trauma recidivism must be tailored and distinct from those for urban populations.