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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...

Layers of the Heart Wall

Layers of the Heart Wall

The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...

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[Management of systemic lupus erythematosus-Including secondary antiphospholipid syndrome, fertility and pregnancy : S3 guidelines of the German Society for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology and the German Society for Neurology (DGN), German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM), German Cardiac Society (DGK), Society for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research (GTH), German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO), German Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ), Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology (GKJR), German Society for Nephrology (DGfN), German Society for Pneumology and Ventilation Medicine (DGP), German Rheumatism League National Association, Lupus Erythematosus Self-help Community, German Dermatological Society (DDG). Version: 1.2].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding

Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding

Published on: August 30, 2024

[The heart in rheumatic diseases].

¹Klinik für Rheumatologie & Klinische Immunologie, Katholisches Krankenhaus St. Josef, Zentrum für Innere Medizin der Kliniken Essen Süd, Essen, Deutschland. specker@rheumanet.org

|January 18, 2007

Summary

Inflammatory rheumatic diseases can affect the heart and blood vessels, leading to various cardiac complications. As these conditions become more chronic, cardiovascular issues related to disease and treatment are gaining attention.

Area of Science:

Rheumatology and Immunology
Cardiology
Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

Context:

Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) are systemic immunological disorders.
These diseases extend beyond the musculoskeletal system, affecting organs like skin and blood vessels.
Neurological, renal, pulmonary, hematological, and cardiac manifestations are common.

Purpose:

To highlight the diverse cardiac manifestations in systemic rheumatic diseases.
To underscore the increasing importance of cardiovascular complications in chronic IRDs.
To provide examples of cardiac involvement in specific rheumatic conditions.

Summary:

Cardiac involvement in IRDs can affect all heart structures.
Examples include pericarditis in lupus, mitral valve changes in antiphospholipid syndrome, myocarditis, and coronary artery stenosis in vasculitides.

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Published on: June 20, 2014

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding

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Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

Published on: June 20, 2014

Pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis and congenital heart block in newborns of lupus patients are also noted.

Impact:

Improved treatments lead to longer disease courses for IRDs.
This increases the focus on cardiovascular complications arising from chronic disease and therapy-related damage.
Understanding these impacts is crucial for comprehensive patient management.