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Related Concept Videos

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution. In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions01:27

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Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
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Mixtures of Acids01:19

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
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Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides
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Published on: June 24, 2013

Complex gas hydrate from the Cascadia margin.

Hailong Lu1, Yu-taek Seo, Jong-won Lee

  • 1Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6.

Nature
|January 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered Structure H natural gas hydrates in Barkley Canyon, confirming their existence in nature. These complex hydrates contain over 13 hydrocarbons and are more stable than Structure I, potentially expanding energy exploration.

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Geology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Natural gas hydrates are a potential energy source and linked to climate change and geological hazards.
  • Methane is the primary guest molecule in Structure I hydrates, while Structure II hydrates contain heavier hydrocarbons.
  • Structure H hydrates, capable of trapping larger molecules, have been synthesized in labs but not found in nature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the structure, gas content, composition, and guest molecule distribution of a complex natural hydrate sample.
  • To provide direct evidence for the natural occurrence of Structure H hydrate.
  • To determine the stability field of the complex natural hydrate.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a complex natural hydrate sample recovered from Barkley Canyon.
  • Characterization of hydrate structure, gas content, and guest molecule composition.
  • Determination of the hydrate's stability field.

Main Results:

  • Direct evidence for the natural occurrence of Structure H hydrate was found.
  • The Structure H hydrate sample was intimately associated with Structure II hydrate.
  • The complex hydrate contained over 13 different hydrocarbon guest molecules.
  • The stability field of the complex hydrate lies between those of Structure II and Structure H hydrates.

Conclusions:

  • Structure H hydrate occurs naturally, challenging previous assumptions.
  • The complex natural hydrates are more stable than Structure I hydrates.
  • This finding may indicate a wider pressure-temperature range for natural hydrate deposits, impacting energy resource potential.