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Below Knee Impact Responses using Cadaveric Specimens.

Sriram Balasubramanian1, Philippe Beillas, Aditya Belwadi

  • 1Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University.

Stapp Car Crash Journal
|January 19, 2007
PubMed
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This study re-evaluated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury risk in car crashes. Results indicate current experimental setups are insufficient for defining PCL tolerance, with intact knees favoring tibial fractures over PCL ruptures.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedic Injury Research
  • Automotive Safety

Background:

  • Knee injuries constitute approximately 10% of all injuries sustained in car crashes.
  • Previous research on posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury risk in vehicle collisions is limited by small sample sizes and inconclusive findings.
  • Existing studies, such as Viano et al. (1978), reported low rates of PCL rupture in tested cadaver knees.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate and expand upon previous PCL injury risk assessments using a larger sample size.
  • To investigate the influence of surrounding soft tissues on knee injury response during simulated impacts.
  • To evaluate the adequacy of current experimental methodologies for determining PCL injury tolerance thresholds.

Main Methods:

  • Tested 14 cadaver knees using a high-speed materials testing machine.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Included three groups: intact knees, PCL-only knees, and PCL-only knees with tibial protection against fracture.
  • Utilized a Hybrid III knee model with a pendulum setup for comparative analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Intact knees predominantly sustained tibial metaphyseal fractures, with only one PCL rupture observed.
    • PCL-only knees showed a higher incidence of PCL ruptures (mid-substance or avulsion), particularly with tibial protection.
    • Average displacement at failure for PCL injuries (17.2 mm) exceeded the proposed Injury Assessment Reference Value (15 mm).

    Conclusions:

    • The presence of intact soft tissues shifts injury patterns towards tibial fractures, complicating isolated PCL injury assessment.
    • The experimental setup can induce PCL injuries, but the generated data is insufficient to establish definitive PCL tolerance levels.
    • The Hybrid III knee's response generally aligned with cadaveric data for PCL mid-substance failures.