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Related Concept Videos

The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Colloids03:22

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
09:26

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

Stable carbamazepine colloidal systems using the cosolvent technique.

D Douroumis1, A Fahr

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. dionysios.douroumis@phoqus.com

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences
|January 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Stable carbamazepine nanosuspensions were developed using polymers like HPMC and PVP to prevent crystal growth and maintain particle size. These formulations demonstrated excellent stability over five months, ensuring drug integrity.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Carbamazepine (CBZ) nanosuspensions are crucial for drug delivery.
  • Controlling crystal growth is essential for stable nanosuspensions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare stable carbamazepine nanosuspensions at 10mg/ml concentration.
  • To screen various polymers for optimal nanosuspension formulation.

Main Methods:

  • Cosolvent technique using polyethylene glycol (PEG-300) and water.
  • Screening of polymers including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose (MC), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP PF17).
  • Particle size analysis and stability evaluation over 5 months; FT-Raman spectroscopy for crystal form identification.

Main Results:

  • Polymers (HPMC, MC, PVP) inhibited rapid needle-shaped crystal growth of carbamazepine.
  • Mean particle sizes were consistently between 10-20 nm in the presence of HPMC or MC.
  • Combined HPMC and PVP PF17 significantly enhanced formulation stability, attributed to hydrogen bonding.
  • Stable particle size was maintained for 5 months.
  • FT-Raman confirmed the presence of carbamazepine form I.

Conclusions:

  • Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone are effective polymers for creating stable carbamazepine nanosuspensions.
  • The developed nanosuspensions exhibit excellent physical stability and maintain desired particle size and drug form.
  • Polymer interactions play a key role in enhancing the stability of carbamazepine nanosuspensions.