Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Three-dimensional Rotational Angiography Assessment of Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease Plaque Evolution under Medical Treatment.

Radiology·2026
Same author

Resective temporal lobe surgery in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy: prognostic factors of postoperative seizure outcome.

Journal of neurosurgery·2026
Same author

T1w/T2w Ratio Identifies the Basolateral Amygdala as a Preferential Target in Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis.

Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging·2026
Same author

Wall Shear Stress Distribution in Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease and Associations With Vessel and Plaque Morphology.

CNS neuroscience & therapeutics·2026
Same author

Distinct neuronal populations in the human brain combine content and context.

Nature·2026
Same author

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in large vessel occlusion treated by reperfusion therapy-a phase 2 randomized trial.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

How generalised are secondarily "generalised" tonic clonic seizures?

Kaspar Schindler1, Howan Leung, Klaus Lehnertz

  • 1Klinik für Epileptologie, Sigmund-Freud-Str 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. kschindler@smile.ch

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|January 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Clinically diagnosed secondarily generalized seizures are not always generalized on intracranial EEG recordings. Some seizures show no epileptiform activity in certain brain areas, suggesting potential therapeutic implications.

More Related Videos

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits
10:25

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Published on: March 27, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits
10:25

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Published on: March 27, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Epileptic seizures with focal onset and generalized motor involvement are clinically termed secondarily generalized seizures.
  • Understanding the electrophysiological spread of these seizures is crucial for treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the extent of electrophysiological generalization in clinically diagnosed secondarily generalized seizures.
  • To determine if all brain regions show epileptiform activity during these seizure types.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of intracranial EEG recordings from patients with secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
  • Visual and quantitative assessment for epileptiform activity across all recorded intracranial EEG channels.

Main Results:

  • In 26% of recorded seizures (from 27% of patients), specific intracranial EEG channels never exhibited epileptiform activity.
  • This indicates that even clinically generalized seizures may not be fully generalized electrophysiologically.

Conclusions:

  • Clinically defined secondarily generalized seizures do not always correspond to widespread electrophysiological generalization.
  • These findings may necessitate a re-evaluation of treatment strategies for epilepsy.