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Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
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Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers
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Published on: March 13, 2015

Concerted evolution within the Drosophila dumpy gene.

Amber Carmon1, Marian Wilkin, Jana Hassan

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Genetics
|January 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The dumpy gene in insects primarily evolves through purifying selection, but a specific region rapidly changes due to concerted evolution. This region

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Insect reproductive biology

Background:

  • The dumpy gene plays a role in insect development and reproduction.
  • Understanding gene evolution provides insights into species adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary mechanisms driving the dumpy gene.
  • To identify specific regions of rapid evolution within the dumpy gene.
  • To explore the functional implications of these evolutionary patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Reverse Southern analysis
  • Direct sequence comparisons
  • Comparative genomics across insect orders

Main Results:

  • Most of the dumpy gene evolves via purifying selection on amino acid replacements.
  • A specific region, PIGSFEAST (PF), evolves rapidly due to unequal crossing over and/or gene conversion.
  • Concerted evolution impacts PF repeat number and adjacent regions differently across species (Drosophila, Anopheles, Aedes, Tribolium).
  • Codon usage patterns are significantly altered in the PF region of certain Drosophila species.
  • The dumpy gene is expressed on the oocyte's micropyle surface.

Conclusions:

  • Concerted evolution significantly shapes the PIGSFEAST region of the dumpy gene.
  • Rapid evolution in the PF region may be linked to adaptive changes in sperm-egg recognition.
  • Comparative evolutionary analysis reveals diverse mechanisms acting on the dumpy gene across insect lineages.