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Updated: Jul 17, 2026
A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
Published on: September 22, 2023
Barriers and facilitators for breastfeeding among working women in the United States
Marina L Johnston1, Noreen Esposito2
1United States Air Force (USAF), Nurse Corps and a women's health nurse practitioner, at Women's Health Care Clinic, Cannon AFB, NM..
Objective:
To review the literature and describe the barriers and facilitators to the continuation of breastfeeding for at least 6 months by working women in the United States.
Data Sources:
A search of PubMed, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, ISI, PsychInfo, and ProQuest.
Study Selection:
Twenty studies based on the inclusion criteria and published between January 1, 1995, and January 2006.
Data Extraction:
An ecologic framework, which includes the individual (microsystem), social support and relationships (mesosystem), and the workplace environment (exosystem).
Data Synthesis:
When working mothers possess certain personal characteristics and develop a strategic plan, breastfeeding is promoted. When social support is available and when support groups are utilized, lactation is also facilitated. Part-time work, lack of long mother-infant separations, supportive work environments and facilities, and child care options facilitate breastfeeding.
Conclusions:
Health care providers can use the findings of this review to promote breastfeeding among working women by using tactics geared toward the mother, her social network, and the entire community.
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