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Idiocy in Virginia, 1616-1860.

Parnel Wickham¹

¹Special Education Department, Dowling College, Oakdale, NY 11769, USA. wickhamp@dowling.edu

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

|January 24, 2007

Summary

Virginians viewed intellectual disability as an untreatable condition, leading to public disdain for the poor and hidden shame for prominent families. This historical perspective reveals societal stigma and differing treatment approaches for intellectual disability.

Area of Science:

History of Medicine
Social History
Disability Studies

Background:

In colonial Virginia, 'idiocy' was considered a congenital, untreatable condition, mirroring English legal and social perspectives.
Virginia's social hierarchy, dominated by powerful men, influenced its approach to managing individuals with intellectual disabilities.
The Eastern State Hospital was established in 1769 to institutionalize 'unruly and objectionable' individuals, including those with intellectual disabilities.

Observation:

Individuals labeled as 'idiots' were initially housed in the Eastern State Hospital but later excluded due to perceived untreatability.
Social stigma surrounding intellectual disability permeated public spaces like streets and jails, as well as private family matters.
Prominent families concealed intellectual disability, as exemplified by Thomas Jefferson's discreet references to his sister's limitations.

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Findings:

Virginia exhibited a dual approach to intellectual disability: public disdain and marginalization for the poor, and private concealment for the elite.
Intellectual disability was consistently associated with shame and humiliation, posing a threat to the established social order.
Legal remedies and institutionalization reflected societal attitudes toward congenital, incurable conditions.

Implications:

Understanding historical responses to intellectual disability provides insight into the evolution of disability rights and social inclusion.
The study highlights the enduring impact of social stigma on individuals with disabilities and their families.
Examining past practices informs contemporary approaches to mental health care and support systems for intellectual disabilities.