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Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

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A new method for ABO genotyping to avoid discrepancy between genetic and serological determinations.

Kaori Shintani-Ishida¹, Bao-Li Zhu, Hitoshi Maeda

¹Department of Forensic Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. kaori@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp

International Journal of Legal Medicine

|January 24, 2007

Summary

This study presents a new ABO genotyping method to resolve discrepancies between genetic and serological ABO blood group determinations. The method accurately genotypes challenging samples like decomposed remains and old bloodstains for forensic identification.

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Area of Science:

Forensic Science
Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

ABO genotyping is crucial for identifying decomposed bodies in forensic science.
Discrepancies between ABO genotyping and serological phenotypes can occur, complicating identification.
Specific ABO alleles like ABO*A204, *O303, *O207, *cis-AB01, and *cis-AB02 are prone to such inconsistencies.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a simple and accurate ABO genotyping method.
To resolve discrepancies between genetic and serological ABO determinations.
To enable reliable ABO genotyping for challenging forensic samples.

Main Methods:

Simultaneous analysis of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at specific positions (nps 220, 261, 796, 802, and 803).
Targeted genotyping assay designed to differentiate common and variant ABO alleles.
Application of the method to forensic samples such as decomposed remains and old bloodstains.

Main Results:

The developed method successfully avoids discrepancies between genetic and serological ABO determinations.
Accurate genotyping was achieved for challenging ABO alleles, including ABO*A204, *O303, *O207, *cis-AB01, and *cis-AB02.
The method proved effective for analyzing degraded DNA samples.

Conclusions:

A simple and reliable ABO genotyping method has been established.
This technique enhances the accuracy of ABO blood group determination in forensic casework.
The method is particularly valuable for the identification of decomposed bodies and analysis of old bloodstains.