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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
Kinematic constraints associated with the acquisition of overarm throwing part II: upper extremity actions
David F Stodden1, Stephen J Langendorfer, Glenn S Fleisig
1Division of Kinesiology, Bowling Green State University, OH 43403, USA. dfstodd@bgnet.bgsu.edu
Abstract:
The purposes of this study were to: (a) examine the differences within 11 specific kinematic variables and an outcome measure (ball velocity) associated with component developmental levels of humerus and forearm action (Roberton & Halverson, 1984), and (b) if the differences in kinematic variables were significantly associated with the differences in component levels, determine potential kinematic constraints associated with skilled throwing acquisition. Significant differences among component levels in five of six humerus kinematic variables (p <.01) and all five forearm kinematic variables (p < .01) were identified using multivariate analysis of variance. These kinematic variables represent potential control parameters and, therefore, constraints on overarm throwing acquisition.
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