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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited
07:35

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

Published on: February 16, 2022

The crimping problem in stapes surgery.

Pingling Kwok1, Ugo Fisch, Jürgen Strutz

  • 1Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.

Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
|January 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Different stapes prosthesis loop shapes were tested for incus attachment. Band-shaped loops offered better contact, but spiral loops altered the piston

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Stapes prostheses are crucial for restoring hearing in otosclerosis.
  • The attachment of the prosthesis to the incus long process is a critical factor for surgical success.
  • Variations in prosthesis design may influence surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the attachment of stapes prostheses with varying loop geometries to the incus long process.
  • To evaluate the impact of loop shape on the stability and positioning of the stapes prosthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Five types of stapes prostheses (gold, steel/Teflon, platinum/Teflon, two titanium variations) were used.
  • Thirty temporal bones were prepared for implantation.
  • Experienced surgeons performed the insertions using the Fisch technique, employing specific crimping instruments.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited
07:35

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

Published on: February 16, 2022

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
09:20

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Published on: March 5, 2022

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09:07

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

Published on: January 26, 2024

Main Results:

  • All tested prostheses achieved a stable attachment to the incus long process.
  • Band-shaped loops demonstrated superior contact with the incus compared to wire loops.
  • Broad spiral-shaped loops resulted in a deviation from the desired perpendicular axis of the piston relative to the incus.

Conclusions:

  • The geometric design of the stapes prosthesis loop significantly influences its final positioning.
  • Loop shape affects both the piston's length within the vestibule and its angular orientation to the incus long process.
  • Optimizing loop geometry is essential for achieving precise prosthesis placement and potentially improving hearing restoration outcomes.