Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Historical perspective
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

S_N2 Reaction: Kinetics

Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...

Regioselective Formation of Enolates

Regioselective Formation of Enolates

As depicted in the figure below, the unsymmetrical ketones can form two possible enolates: less substituted or more substituted enolates. Usually, the thermodynamic enolates are formed from the more substituted α-carbon atom, while the kinetic enolates are formed faster by deprotonation from the less substituted position. The thermodynamic enolates have lower energy, so they are more stable. But the energy required to form kinetic enolates is less.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview

In an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen of an aromatic compound.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Strategic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Australia-Systems Genomics Consortium (SALSA-SGC): cohort profile.

BMJ open·2026

Same author

Neurosymptomatic HIV CSF viral escape with parkinsonism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like syndrome: a case report.

Journal of neuroimmunology·2026

Same author

London Dispersion Governs Stereochemistry, Stability, and Self-Sorting in a System of M<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4</sub> Cages.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Chelation-Driven Self-Assembly of Luminescent Magnesium Coordination Cages.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Machine Learning Accelerates Crystallization for Structure Determination.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same author

Steric Hindrance and Secondary Interactions Govern Reconfiguration Between Two Complex Cu<sup>I</sup> Coordination Cages.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

Kinetic and thermodynamic selectivity in subcomponent substitution.

David Schultz¹, Jonathan R Nitschke

¹Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|January 25, 2007

Summary

Researchers developed rules for predicting amine substitution in metal-templated imine assemblies. Selectivity depends on kinetic or thermodynamic factors, influenced by metal type and amine structure, guiding future molecular design.

More Related Videos

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

Published on: November 12, 2016

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

Published on: November 12, 2016

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Coordination Chemistry
Organic Synthesis

Background:

Metal-templated imine condensation forms dynamic assemblies.
Subcomponent substitution allows modification of these assemblies.
Understanding selectivity is crucial for predictable synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish rules for predicting subcomponent substitution outcomes.
To investigate kinetic vs. thermodynamic control in these reactions.
To explore selectivity based on metal type and amine properties.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of iron and copper imine complexes.
Analysis of subcomponent substitution reactions.
Investigation of kinetic and thermodynamic reaction pathways.
Use of proton transfer as a driving force for substitution.

Main Results:

Substitution preferentially occurred at copper-bound imines (kinetic control).
Chelating amines shifted selectivity to thermodynamic control, favoring nonchelating amines.
The chelate effect governed thermodynamic selectivity in Fe(II) and Cu(I)/Fe(II) systems.

Conclusions:

Selectivity rules for amine substitution in metal-imine assemblies were developed.
Kinetic vs. thermodynamic control dictates substitution outcomes.
The chelate effect provides a thermodynamic basis for selective substitution.