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Related Concept Videos

Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.In the early 20th century,...
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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
Law of Independent Assortment02:03

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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR
06:18

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR

Published on: July 11, 2025

Four simultaneously stable polymorphic equilibria in two-locus two-allele models.

A Hastings1

  • 1Department of Mathematics and Division of Environmental Studies, University of California, Davis, California 95616.

Genetics
|January 1, 1985
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates four stable genetic equilibria in a two-locus model, exceeding previous limits. The findings have significant implications for understanding population genetics and evolutionary dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Population genetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Mathematical biology

Background:

  • The Lewontin-Kojima model is a fundamental framework for studying genetic variation at multiple loci.
  • Previous research suggested a maximum of two stable polymorphisms in this model.
  • Understanding the stability of genetic equilibria is crucial for predicting evolutionary trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the number of simultaneously stable equilibria in the two-locus, two-allele symmetric viability model.
  • To challenge the previously established upper bound of two stable polymorphisms.
  • To explore the biological implications of finding more than two stable equilibria.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bifurcation theory to analyze the stability of equilibria.
  • Applied the Lewontin-Kojima version of the two-locus, two-allele symmetric viability model.
  • Performed mathematical analysis to identify and characterize equilibrium points.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the existence of four simultaneously stable equilibria where both loci are polymorphic.
  • This finding surpasses the previously accepted maximum of two stable polymorphisms.
  • The identified equilibria represent novel configurations of genetic variation.

Conclusions:

  • The theoretical upper bound of two stable polymorphisms in this model is incorrect.
  • The existence of four stable equilibria offers new insights into the complexity of genetic systems.
  • These results necessitate a re-evaluation of evolutionary dynamics in multi-locus genetic models.