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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Dihybrid Crosses01:18

Dihybrid Crosses

Overview
Monohybrid Crosses01:20

Monohybrid Crosses

Overview
Monohybrid Crosses01:20

Monohybrid Crosses

Overview
Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput
10:29

Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput

Published on: March 30, 2018

Esterase genes in parallel composite cross barley populations.

D J Luckett1, K J Edwards

  • 1Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England.

Genetics
|September 1, 1986
PubMed
Summary

Barley esterase gene frequencies changed significantly over eight generations in derived populations. Selection acted strongly but inconsistently, preventing parallel evolutionary trajectories in these plant genetics studies.

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput
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Area of Science:

  • * Genetics
  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Plant Science

Background:

  • * The study utilized Composite Cross V of barley, originating from California.
  • * Three subpopulations were established from generations 10, 20, and 30.
  • * These subpopulations were cultivated under consistent environmental conditions in Cambridge for eight generations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate changes in allelic frequencies at four esterase loci within derived barley populations.
  • * To analyze the impact of selection on genetic variation over time.
  • * To explore potential mechanisms driving genetic changes, such as hitchhiking or multilocus selection.

Main Methods:

  • * Cultivation of three barley subpopulations derived from different generations of Composite Cross V.
  • * Monitoring of outcrossing rates and heterozygosity.
  • * Analysis of allelic frequencies at four polymorphic esterase loci using multilocus analysis.

Main Results:

  • * Esterase loci remained polymorphic across all derived populations.
  • * Significant allelic frequency changes were observed over time, particularly at two loci.
  • * Strong, but inconsistent, directional selection was detected across all three populations.
  • * Distinct genotypes became predominant in different subpopulations, indicating non-parallel evolutionary paths.

Conclusions:

  • * Strong directional selection occurred in the barley populations.
  • * The observed selection did not result in parallel changes in esterase gene frequencies.
  • * The data do not conclusively distinguish between hitchhiking and multilocus selection as explanations for the observed genetic changes.