Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

2024 UK and Ireland modified Delphi consensus on myopia management in children and young people.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2024

Same author

Myopia management algorithm. Annexe to the article titled Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute.

European journal of ophthalmology·2023

Same author

The effect of sustained eye rotation upon eye length in healthy myopic adults.

Oman journal of ophthalmology·2023

Same author

Choroidal thickness measurements in different ethnicities using swept source optical coherence tomography: repeatability and assessment.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2021

Same author

Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute.

European journal of ophthalmology·2021

Same author

Change in body height, axial length and refractive status over a four-year period in caucasian children and young adults.

Journal of optometry·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Visual adaptation to interocular brightness differences induced by neutral-density filters.

Ewen S MacMillan¹, Lyle S Gray, Gordon Heron

¹Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

|January 26, 2007

Summary

The human visual system adapts to differences in brightness between eyes over time, a process predictable by Fechner's Paradox and independent of pupil size. This adaptation occurs even with asymmetrical neutral density filters.

More Related Videos

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Published on: February 18, 2021

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Published on: February 18, 2021

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Visual Neuroscience
Photometry

Background:

Interocular brightness differences, often due to conditions like asymmetrical cataract, have shown minimal impact on brightness matching.
Understanding binocular visual response to retinal illuminance disparities is crucial for visual perception research.

Purpose of the Study:

To measure the binocular visual response to induced interocular differences in retinal illuminance over time.
To investigate the effect of pupil condition (mobile vs. fixed) on this adaptation process.

Main Methods:

Induced interocular differences in retinal illuminance (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 log units) using neutral density filters.
Measured interocular brightness matches using the simultaneous interocular brightness sense test over 2 hours in subjects with mobile and fixed pupils.

Main Results:

Initial brightness matches aligned with induced illuminance differences.
A significant logarithmic reduction in interocular brightness difference was observed over time.
Binocular visual adaptation occurred regardless of pupil condition (mobile or fixed).

Conclusions:

The visual system adapts to interocular brightness differences induced by asymmetrical neutral density filters.
The extent of visual adaptation can be predicted by Fechner's Paradox.
Adaptation is independent of interocular differences in pupil diameter.