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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Longitudinal study on thyroid function in patients with thalassemia major.

A Filosa¹, S Di Maio, G Aloj

¹Pediatric Department, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy. aldo.filosa@ospedalecardarelli.it

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM

|January 27, 2007

Summary

Thyroid function worsened in 25% of beta-thalassemia patients over 12 years. Echographic patterns are predictive of thyroid dysfunction, highlighting the need for regular monitoring in these patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Hematology
Pediatrics

Background:

Primary hypothyroidism is a frequent complication in thalassemia patients.
Regular monitoring of thyroid function is crucial for managing thalassemia complications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the progression of thyroid function over a 12-year period in beta-thalassemia major patients.
To determine the incidence and severity of worsening thyroid function in this cohort.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 36 beta-thalassemia major patients (27 female, 23 male) with a mean age of 25.7 years were followed for 12 years.
Thyroid function was assessed using criteria including FT4, TSH levels, and TRH tests.
Correlation with hematological, biochemical, and growth parameters was evaluated; echographic data was also analyzed.

Main Results:

Thyroid function worsened in 25% of patients over the 12-year follow-up period.
The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism increased from 8.4% to 13.9%.
Echographic findings of parenchymal dishomogeneity were strongly associated with overt and compensated hypothyroidism.

Conclusions:

A slow worsening of thyroid function occurs in a significant portion of thalassemia patients.
Thyroid echography appears to be a strong predictor of thyroid dysfunction in this population.
Early detection and management of thyroid dysfunction are essential for improving patient outcomes.