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Related Concept Videos

Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
05:52

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

[Inhaled human insulin (Exubera): a revolution?].

J C Daubresse1, J Sternon

  • 1Service d'Endocrinologie, C.H.U. de Charleroi.

Revue Medicale De Bruxelles
|January 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Inhaled insulin offers an effective and safe alternative for managing type 2 diabetes, potentially improving patient adherence and reducing complications. Long-term studies confirm its efficacy, though cost may limit widespread adoption.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Type 2 diabetes management often involves delayed insulin initiation, increasing risks of vascular complications.
  • Patient and clinician reluctance to adopt insulin therapy is a significant barrier.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin as a treatment option for type 2 diabetes.
  • To address the challenges associated with traditional insulin therapy initiation.

Summary:

  • Inhaled insulin has demonstrated efficacy and safety in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients, with long-term data supporting its use.
  • Strict adherence to indications by patients and physicians is crucial for optimal outcomes.
  • Published long-term results (approximately 4 years) confirm sustained efficacy and safety.

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Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
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Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters

Published on: May 18, 2014

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
05:52

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
08:09

Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters

Published on: May 18, 2014

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Impact:

  • Inhaled insulin presents a viable alternative to conventional insulin injections, potentially improving treatment adherence.
  • Wider clinical application may be hindered by the lack of published cost-benefit analyses and the higher cost of inhaled insulin.
  • Facilitates earlier insulin initiation, mitigating risks of micro- and macro-vascular complications in type 2 diabetes.