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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for the Real-driving Emissions (RDE) Regulation in Europe
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Published on: December 4, 2016

[Application study of IVE vehicle emission model].

Zhi-liang Yao1, Ke-bin He, Qi-dong Wang

  • 1Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue
|January 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The IVE model quantifies vehicle emissions in Beijing, revealing trucks and buses emit significantly more particulate matter (PM) than cars. Light-duty vehicles dominate CO and VOC emissions.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Transportation Engineering

Context:

  • Vehicle emissions significantly impact urban air quality and public health.
  • Accurate quantification of emissions from diverse vehicle fleets is crucial for effective environmental policy.
  • Beijing faces substantial air pollution challenges attributed to its large vehicle population.

Purpose:

  • To introduce and validate the Intelligent Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model for quantifying vehicular emissions in Beijing.
  • To compare the IVE model's performance against the MOBILE6 model.
  • To analyze emission factors and contributions of different vehicle types to air pollutants.

Summary:

  • The IVE model was applied to Beijing, calculating daily emissions of CO (2767.4 t), VOC (182.5 t), NO (353.8 t), and PM (7.1 t).
  • Emission factors for buses and trucks, particularly for PM, were substantially higher (14x and 44x passenger cars, respectively).
  • Light-duty vehicles were the primary sources of CO (42.0%) and VOC (34.7%), while trucks dominated NO (66.3%) and PM (83.0%) emissions.

Impact:

  • Provides a robust methodology for assessing vehicle emissions in Chinese urban environments.
  • Highlights the disproportionate impact of heavy-duty vehicles (trucks and buses) on PM and NO emissions.
  • Offers valuable data for developing targeted emission control strategies to improve Beijing's air quality.