Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Fisher's Exact Test01:08

Fisher's Exact Test

Fisher's exact test is a statistical significance test widely used to analyze 2x2 contingency tables, particularly in situations where sample sizes are small. Unlike the chi-squared test, which approximates P-values and assumes minimum expected frequencies of at least five in each cell, Fisher's exact test calculates the exact probability (P-value) of observing the data or more extreme results under the null hypothesis. This feature makes it especially valuable when the assumptions of the...
Divergence and Stokes' Theorems01:06

Divergence and Stokes' Theorems

The divergence and Stokes' theorems are a variation of Green's theorem in a higher dimension. They are also a generalization of the fundamental theorem of calculus. The divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem are in a way similar to each other; The divergence theorem relates to the dot product of a vector, while Stokes' theorem relates to the curl of a vector. Many applications in physics and engineering make use of the divergence and Stokes' theorems, enabling us to write numerous physical laws...
Comparison Tests01:28

Comparison Tests

An infinite series composed of positive terms may either approach a finite value or increase without bound. Determining which outcome occurs is a central task in calculus, and comparison tests provide structured methods for making this determination. Rather than evaluating a series directly, these tests relate it to another series whose behavior is already known, allowing conclusions to be drawn through logical comparison.The direct comparison test applies to series with positive terms. If each...
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests01:19

Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests

A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n) to the number of categories (k).
Statistical Hypothesis Testing01:16

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a critical statistical procedure facilitating informed, evidence-based decisions. It begins with a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation, or a prediction about a population parameter. This hypothesis can be either a null hypothesis (H0), indicating no effect or difference, or an alternative hypothesis (Ha), suggesting an effect or difference.
Statistical significance measures the probability that an observed result occurred by chance. If this probability, known as...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Co-expression-based models improve eQTL predictions for transcriptome-wide association studies and highlight new schizophrenia-associated genes.

Nature genetics·2026
Same author

Phylogeography of Heteropriacanthus, a circumtropical reef fish with very little morphological variation.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Population-scale repeat expansions elucidate disease risk and brain atrophy.

Nature·2026
Same author

Mitogenomes reveal the timing and distribution of divergence events among trans-Beringian birds.

PeerJ·2026
Same author

The Impact of ERAP1 and ERAP2 Haplotype Combinations on Susceptibility and Severity of Birdshot Chorioretinitis.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026
Same author

Genomic analyses reveal new insights into Alzheimer's disease.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis
06:44

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis

Published on: September 23, 2025

Test for simultaneous divergence using approximate Bayesian computation.

Michael J Hickerson1, Eli A Stahl, H A Lessios

  • 1Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California 94720-3160, USA. mhickerson@ucdavis.edu

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|February 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new computational framework to test for simultaneous divergence in species. The analysis of echinoid data suggests historical isolation was not simultaneous across all studied pairs.

More Related Videos

A Novel Bayesian Change-point Algorithm for Genome-wide Analysis of Diverse ChIPseq Data Types
12:39

A Novel Bayesian Change-point Algorithm for Genome-wide Analysis of Diverse ChIPseq Data Types

Published on: December 10, 2012

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
13:55

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Published on: February 3, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis
06:44

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis

Published on: September 23, 2025

A Novel Bayesian Change-point Algorithm for Genome-wide Analysis of Diverse ChIPseq Data Types
12:39

A Novel Bayesian Change-point Algorithm for Genome-wide Analysis of Diverse ChIPseq Data Types

Published on: December 10, 2012

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
13:55

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Published on: February 3, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Comparative phylogeography often assumes synchronous isolation across lineages separated by geographic barriers.
  • Previous studies rarely account for ancestral coalescence and variations in demographic history among taxa.
  • Disparate sequence divergence levels can lead to conclusions of nonsynchronous isolation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a flexible approximate Bayesian computational (ABC) framework for testing simultaneous divergence (TSD).
  • To incorporate a hierarchical model accounting for idiosyncratic demographic histories across taxon pairs.
  • To enhance statistical rigor in phylogeographic studies by evaluating estimator bias and statistical power.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a hierarchical approximate Bayesian computational (ABC) framework to test for simultaneous divergence.
  • Applied the ABC framework to a dataset of eight geminate echinoid taxon pairs.
  • Utilized single-locus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data for analysis.
  • Employed a constrained model to estimate divergence times when simultaneous divergence was rejected.

Main Results:

  • The initial ABC analysis did not support simultaneous vicariance for the eight echinoid taxon pairs.
  • A subsequent constrained model indicated simultaneous divergence 3.1 million years ago for seven pairs, with one pair diverging more recently.
  • Estimated a DNA substitution rate of approximately 1.59% per lineage per million years for the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I gene in the seven simultaneously diverging pairs.

Conclusions:

  • The Isthmus of Panama formation did not lead to synchronous vicariance in all studied geminate echinoid pairs.
  • The developed ABC framework provides a robust method for inferring divergence histories, even with limited data.
  • The framework's flexibility allows for expansion to include multiple loci, migration, and recombination for more complex demographic analyses.