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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...

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Related Experiment Videos

Vitamins for babies and young children.

A A Leaf1,

  • 1Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|February 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Free vitamin supplements will continue for young children under the "Healthy Start" scheme. Vitamin D supplementation is crucial for UK children, especially those at higher risk of deficiency.

Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The UK's Welfare Food Scheme is evolving into the "Healthy Start" scheme.
  • Free vitamin supplements for children under 4 remain a key component.
  • Achieving Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) for most vitamins is possible through diet, except for Vitamins K and D.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current vitamin supplementation practices for young children in the UK.
  • To identify specific vitamin deficiencies and at-risk populations.
  • To inform future strategies for vitamin sufficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the Welfare Food Scheme and its successor, the "Healthy Start" scheme.
  • Analysis of vitamin requirements, dietary intake, and supplementation practices.
  • Examination of deficiency prevalence in UK children, considering ethnic and feeding factors.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Vitamin K deficiency is rare due to neonatal supplementation.
  • Vitamin D deficiency is common in UK infants and young children, particularly those of Asian and Afro-Caribbean origin, with prolonged breastfeeding or delayed weaning.
  • Evidence supports Vitamin D and potentially Vitamin A supplementation, but not for water-soluble vitamins.

Conclusions:

  • Vitamin D supplementation requires increased focus and availability, especially for at-risk groups.
  • Public and professional education on dietary vitamin intake and physiological needs is essential.
  • Future strategies should prioritize addressing Vitamin D insufficiency in vulnerable young children.